start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol= cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page= end-page= dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2014 dt-pub=20140325 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title= kn-title=’†‘“ΰ–ΦŒΓ–Ρ‰G‘fΉ’n‚ΙŽ©Ά‚·‚郄ƒiƒM‚QŽν‚ΜŽΐΆŒΒ‘Μ‚Ι—¬»‚̑͐ςͺ—^‚¦‚ι‰e‹Ώ en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract= en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=TeraminamiTomohiro en-aut-sei=Teraminami en-aut-mei=Tomohiro kn-aut-name=Ž›“μ’qO kn-aut-sei=Ž›“μ kn-aut-mei=’qO aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=‰ͺŽR‘εŠw END start-ver=1.4 cd-journal=joma no-vol=100 cd-vols= no-issue= article-no= start-page=39 end-page=51 dt-received= dt-revised= dt-accepted= dt-pub-year=2011 dt-pub=20110201 dt-online= en-article= kn-article= en-subject= kn-subject= en-title=ƒGƒWƒvƒggŠC‰ˆŠέ‚Μƒ}ƒ“ƒOƒ[ƒu—Ρ‚Μ—Ρ•ͺ\‘’ kn-title=Forest structure of gray mangrove (Avicennia marina) along Egyptian Red Sea coast en-subtitle= kn-subtitle= en-abstract= kn-abstract=Established mangrove forests along the coastal area of the Arabian Peninsula and African side of the Red Sea are uniquely different from mangrove forests in other parts of the world because of their low biodiversity and harsh habitat of arid and highly saline conditions. Therefore mangrove forests in this area appear in patchy and scattered patterns at mouths of wadi or in sheltered lagoons with rare and irregular flooding. Most of them are pure forests of Avicennia marina, occasionally mixed with Rhizophora mucronata in the southern part of the Red Sea. In this study, we analyze the forest structure of A. marina and discuss the regeneration strategy and the forest dynamics of this unique mangrove species. Three experimental plots of 1000 to 2000 trees/ha were selected from north to south along the Red Sea coast. The highest tree size (6.8m) suggested severe effects of the high salinity of the Red Sea (3.2 to 4.9%) on tree growth. Dense mantle vegetation had developed at the forest edge facing the open sea to protect the forest interior against strong waves and wind. Tree growth was also prevented by severe drought on the landside edge of the forest. All the forests had a dense seedling bank throughout the forest floor, with a very high rate of turnover and regeneration, which seldom occurred in other forests. en-copyright= kn-copyright= en-aut-name=YoshikawaKen en-aut-sei=Yoshikawa en-aut-mei=Ken kn-aut-name=‹gμŒ« kn-aut-sei=‹gμ kn-aut-mei=Œ« aut-affil-num=1 ORCID= en-aut-name=InoueMasaki en-aut-sei=Inoue en-aut-mei=Masaki kn-aut-name=ˆδγ³Žχ kn-aut-sei=ˆδγ kn-aut-mei=³Žχ aut-affil-num=2 ORCID= en-aut-name=YoshimoriIchidou en-aut-sei=Yoshimori en-aut-mei=Ichidou kn-aut-name=‹gXˆκ“Ή kn-aut-sei=‹gX kn-aut-mei=ˆκ“Ή aut-affil-num=3 ORCID= en-aut-name=NakashimaAtsushi en-aut-sei=Nakashima en-aut-mei=Atsushi kn-aut-name=’†“‡“ΦŽi kn-aut-sei=’†“‡ kn-aut-mei=“ΦŽi aut-affil-num=4 ORCID= en-aut-name=TeraminamiTomohiro en-aut-sei=Teraminami en-aut-mei=Tomohiro kn-aut-name=Ž›“μ’qO kn-aut-sei=Ž›“μ kn-aut-mei=’qO aut-affil-num=5 ORCID= en-aut-name=MatsuoNaoko en-aut-sei=Matsuo en-aut-mei=Naoko kn-aut-name=Ό”φ“ޏŽq kn-aut-sei=Ό”φ kn-aut-mei=“ޏŽq aut-affil-num=6 ORCID= en-aut-name=BanjoRyo en-aut-sei=Banjo en-aut-mei=Ryo kn-aut-name=δݏι—Ι kn-aut-sei=δݏι kn-aut-mei=—Ι aut-affil-num=7 ORCID= en-aut-name=MiyamotoChiharu en-aut-sei=Miyamoto en-aut-mei=Chiharu kn-aut-name=‹{–{η° kn-aut-sei=‹{–{ kn-aut-mei=η° aut-affil-num=8 ORCID= affil-num=1 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University affil-num=2 en-affil= kn-affil=Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University affil-num=3 en-affil= kn-affil=Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University affil-num=4 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University affil-num=5 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University affil-num=6 en-affil= kn-affil=Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University affil-num=7 en-affil= kn-affil=Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University affil-num=8 en-affil= kn-affil=NGO, Action for Mangrove Reforestation en-keyword=Gray mangrove (Avicennia marina) kn-keyword=Gray mangrove (Avicennia marina) en-keyword=the Red Sea kn-keyword=the Red Sea en-keyword=forest structure kn-keyword=forest structure en-keyword=seedling bank kn-keyword=seedling bank END